<nettime> The Hi-Tech Gift Economy (2/2)

[richard@hrc.wmin.ac.uk (Richard Barbrook)]

FOOTNOTES

(1) James Wallace, Overdrive, page 266.
 
(2) For a critique of the neo-liberal politics of Wired, see Richard
Barbrook and Andy Cameron, 'The Californian Ideology'.
 
(3) Guy Debord, 'Report on the Construction of Situations and on the
International Situationist Tendency's Conditions of Organisation and
Action', page 25.
  
(4) The Situationists discovered the tribal gift economy in Marcel Mauss,
The Gift.
  
(5) For the historical antecedents of New Left anarcho-communism, see
Richard Gombin, Les Origins du Gauchisme, pages 99-151. For its later
influence on the new social movements, see George Katsiaficas, The
Imagination of the New Left, pages 204-212.
  
(6) For instance, in their famous analysis of the 1965 Watts riots, the
Situationists praised looting as the revolutionary supersession of
money-commodity relations: '...instead of being eternally pursued in the
rat race of alienated labour and increasing but unmet social needs, real
desires begin to be expressed in festival, in playful self-assertion, in
the potlatch of destruction.' Situationist International, 'The Decline and
Fall of the Spectacle-Commodity Economy', page 155.
  
(7) See John Downing, Radical Media.
  
(8) DIY stands for 'do-it-yourself'. This slogan is used to emphasise the
need for people to tackle social problems through collective direct action
rather than to wait for someone else to solve them. See Elaine Brass,
Sophie Poklewski Koziell and Denise Searle, Gathering Force.
  
(9) See Warren O. Hagstrom, 'Gift Giving as an Organisational Principle
in Science', page 29.
  
(10) This is why the increasing role of private funding can hamper as
well as help academic research. See David Noble, 'Digital Diploma Mills'.
  
(11) See Mark Geise, 'From ARPAnet to the Internet', pages 126-132.
  
(12) Tim Berners-Lee, 'The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future', page 11.
  
(13) See Neil Kleinman, 'Don't Fence Me In: Copyright, Property and
Technology'.
  
(14) Rishab Aiyer Ghosh, 'Cooking Pot Markets', page 10.
  
(15) Steve Elliot of Slug Oven quoted in Karlin Lillington, 'No! It's Not
OK, Computer', page 3. Also see Andrew Leonard, 'Mutiny on the Net'.
  
(16) For instance, one of the major components of the 1993 Uruguay Round
of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was increased
protection for patents and copyrights, especially with agriculture and
medicine, see John Frow, 'Information as Gift and Commodity'.
  
(17) Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community, pages 57-58.
  
(18) Tim Berners-Lee, 'Realising the Full Potential of the Web', page 5.
  
(19) Bernard Lang, 'Free Software For All', page 3.
  
(20) Keith W. Porterfield, 'Information Wants to be Valuable', page 2.
  
(21) Shareware is also often known as freeware or open source software. All
these names emphasise that the program is a gift to anyone on the Net,
especially those who have the skills to improve its code. See the use of
these terms in Douglas Rushkoff, 'Free Lessons in Innovation'; The Free
Software Foundation, 'What is Free Software?'; and Eric C. Raymond,
'Homesteading the Noosphere'.
  
(22) See Andrew Leonard, 'Let My Software Go!'.
  
(23) Eric C. Raymond, 'The Cathedral and the Bazaar', page 1.
  
(24) See Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man.
  
(25) 'Gift cultures are adaptations not to scarcity but to abundance.
They arise in populations that do not have significant material-scarcity
problems with survival goods.' Eric C. Raymond, 'Homesteading the
Noosphere', page 9.
  
(26) Karl Marx, Grundrisse, page 700.
  
(27) See Netscape Communications Corporation, 'Netscape Announces Plans
to Make Next-Generation Communicator Source Code Available Free on the
Net'.
  
(28) Eric Raymond describing his pitch on behalf of shareware to
commercial software companies in Andrew Leonard, 'Let My Software Go!',
page 8. Bill Gates doesn't just believe that free software is 'communism',
but even allowing other companies to have access to Microsoft products
before their release date! See James Wallace, Overdrive, page 57.
  
(29) Wired uses 'The New Economy' as a synonym for its neo-liberal
fantasies about the Net. See Kevin Kelly, 'New Rules for the New Economy'.
  
(30) Raoul Vaneigem, The Revolution of Everyday Life, page 70.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron, 'The Californian Ideology', Science as
Culture, No. 26, Vol. 6 Part 1, 1996, pp. 44-72,
<ma.hrc.wmin.ac.uk/ma.theory.4.2.db>

Tim Berners-Lee, 'The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future',
<www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/1996/ppf.html>

Tim Berners-Lee, 'Realising the Full Potential of the Web',
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Elaine Brass and Sophie Poklewski Koziell with Denise Searle (ed.),
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for thriving in a turbulent world', Wired, September 1997

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<sagan.earthspace.net/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar>

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<sagan.earthspace.net/~esr/writings/homesteading/homesteading.txt>Howard
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Raoul Vaneigem, The Revolution of Everyday Life, Practical Paradise, London 1972

James Wallace, Overdrive: Bill Gates and the Race to Control Cyberspace,
John Wiley, New York 1997

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